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    Kunz R , et al.. Meta-analysis: effect of monotherapy and combination therapy with inhibitors of the renin angiotensin system on proteinuria in renal disease. Ann Intern Med 2008; 148:3048.

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  • 2

    Kalaitzidis RG , Bakris GL . Should proteinuria reduction be the criterion for antihypertensive drug selection for patients with kidney disease? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2009; 18:386391.

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  • 3

    Kalaitzidis RG , Bakris GL . Serum creatinine vs. albuminuria as biomarkers for the estimation of cardiovascular risk. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2010; 8:604611.

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    Lea J , et al.. The relationship between magnitude of proteinuria reduction and risk of end-stage renal disease: results of the African American study of kidney disease and hypertension. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165:947953.

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    Wheeler DC , Becker GJ . Summary of KDIGO guideline. What do we really know about management of blood pressure in patients with chronic kidney disease? Kidney Int 2013; 83:377383.

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    Mauer M , et al.. Renal and retinal effects of enalapril and losartan in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2009; 361:4051.

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    Glassock RJ . Debate: CON position. Should microalbuminuria ever be considered as a renal endpoint in any clinical trial? Am J Nephrol 2010; 31:462465.

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    Bakris G . Are there effects of renin-angiotensin system antagonists beyond blood pressure control? Am J Cardiol 2010; 105:21A29A.

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    Verdecchia P , et al.. Telmisartan for the reduction of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2011; 4:151161.

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    Bakris GL , et al.. Randomized study of antihypertensive efficacy and safety of combination aliskiren/valsartan vs valsartan monotherapy in hypertensive participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich ) 2013; 15:92100.

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  • 11

    Lazich I , Bakris GL . Endothelin antagonism in patients with resistant hypertension and hypertension nephropathy. Contrib Nephrol 2011; 172:223234.

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    Bakris GL , et al.. Divergent results using clinic and ambulatory blood pressures: report of a darusentan-resistant hypertension trial. Hypertension 2010; 56:824830.

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    Andress DL , et al.. Clinical efficacy of the selective endothelin A receptor antagonist, atrasentan, in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Life Sci 2012; 91:739742.

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    Kohan DE , Pollock DM . Endothelin antagonists for diabetic and non-diabetic chronic kidney disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 76:573579.

Renin-Angiotensin System Blockade Versus Endothelin Antagonism for Halting Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease

George Bakris
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