Mizra SA, Rooney C. Discrimination prevents LGBTQ people from accessing health care. CAP20. Center for American Progress. January 18, 2018. Accessed January 25, 2024. https://www.americanprogress.org/article/discrimination-prevents-lgbtq-people-accessing-health-care/
Medina C, et al. Protecting and advancing healthcare for transgender adult communities. CAP20. Center for American Progress. August 18, 2021. Accessed January 25, 2024. https://www.americanprogress.org/article/protecting-advancing-health-care-transgender-adult-communities/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tips from former smokers. LGBTQ+ people. Accessed January 25, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/campaign/tips/groups/lgbt.html
Azagba S, et al. Overweight and obesity among sexual minority adults in the United States. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:1828. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16101828
Movement Advancement Project. Snapshot: LGBTQ equality by state. Accessed January 25, 2024. https://www.mapresearch.org/equality-maps/
The Trevor Project. 2022 National Survey on LGBTQ Youth Mental Health. Accessed January 25, 2024. https://www.thetrevorproject.org/survey-2022/
Eugenios J. “I am homosexual. I am a psychiatrist”: How Dr. Anonymous changed history. NBC News. May 2, 2022. Accessed January 25, 2024. https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-news/-homosexual-psychiatrist-dr-anonymous-changed-history-rcna26836/
Downing JM, Przedworski JM. Health of transgender adults in the U.S., 2014-2016. Am J Prev Med 2018; 55:336–344. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2018.04.045
Hembree WC, et al. Endocrine treatment of gender-dysphoric/gender incongruent persons: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. Endocr Pract 2017; 23:1437. doi: 10.4158/1934-2403-23.12.1437
World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH). Standards of Care, version 8. Accessed January 25, 2024. https://www.wpath.org/soc8
Collister D, et al. Providing care for transgender persons with kidney disease: A narrative review. Can J Kidney Health Dis 2021; 8:2054358120985379. doi: 10.1177/2054358120985379
Eckenrode HE, et al. Does gender affirming hormone therapy increase the risk of kidney disease? Semin Nephrol 2022; 42:151284. doi: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2022.10.010
Inker LA. Estimating GFR from cystatin C without including a sex variable: CKD-EPI 2023 equation. American Society of Nephrology Kidney Week 2023. November 2, 2023. Abstract TH-PO998. https://www.asn-online.org/education/kidneyweek/2023/program-abstract.aspx?controlId=3944482
Pottel H, et al. Cystatin C-based equation to estimate GFR without the inclusion of race and sex. N Engl J Med 2023; 388:333–343. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2203769
Getahun D, et al. Cross-sex hormones and acute cardiovascular events in transgender persons: A cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2018; 169:205–213. doi: 10.7326/M17-2785
Odutayo A, et al. Transdermal contraception and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in premenopausal women. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 308:F535–F540. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00602.2014
The following article is the fourth of a five-issue series focused on caring for patients in underserved populations. Inspired by several sessions at Kidney Week 2023, this series features unique patient and physician perspectives, explains legal protections and limitations, and seeks to identify opportunities to improve kidney care for these communities.