• 1.

    Tai DBG, et al. The disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on racial and ethnic minorities in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:703706. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa815

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 2.

    Campbell KM, et al. Projected estimates of African American medical graduates of closed historically Black medical schools. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e2015220. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.15220

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 3.

    Association of American Medical Colleges. Underrepresented in Medicine Definition. Accessed May 24, 2021. https://www.aamc.org/what-we-do/equity-diversity-inclusion/underrepresented-in-medicine

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 4.

    Santhosh L, Babik JM. Trends in racial and ethnic diversity in internal medicine subspecialty fellowships from 2006 to 2018. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e1920482. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.20482

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 5.

    Association of American Medical Colleges. Diversity in Medicine: Facts and Figures 2019. Figure 13. Percentage of U.S. medical school graduates by race/ethnicity (alone), academic year 2018-2019. Accessed May 24, 2021. https://www.aamc.org/data-reports/workforce/interactivedata/figure-13-percentage-us-medical-school-graduatesrace/ethnicity-alone-academic-year-2018-2019

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 6.

    Stevens KR, et al. Fund Black scientists. Cell 2021; 184:561565. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.011

  • 7.

    Delgado C, et al. Reassessing the inclusion of race in diagnosing kidney diseases: An interim report from the NKF-ASN Task Force. J Am Soc Nephrol [published online ahead of print April 9, 2021]. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2021010039; https://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/early/2021/05/04/ASN.2021010039

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 8.

    Berwick DM. The moral determinants of health. JAMA 2020; 324:225226. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.11129

  • 9.

    Serchen J, et al. A comprehensive policy framework to understand and address disparities and discrimination in health and health care: A policy paper from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 2021; 174:529532. doi: 10.7326/M20-7219

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

Identifying, Confronting, and Addressing Systemic Racism in US Nephrology

Crystal A. Gadegbeku Crystal A. Gadegbeku, MD, FAHA, FACP, FASN, is with the Section of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA. Tod Ibrahim, MLA, is Executive Vice President, American Society of Nephrology, Washington, DC. Anupam Agarwal, MD, FASN, is with the Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL. Susan E. Quaggin, MD, FASN, is with the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.

Search for other papers by Crystal A. Gadegbeku in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Tod Ibrahim Crystal A. Gadegbeku, MD, FAHA, FACP, FASN, is with the Section of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA. Tod Ibrahim, MLA, is Executive Vice President, American Society of Nephrology, Washington, DC. Anupam Agarwal, MD, FASN, is with the Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL. Susan E. Quaggin, MD, FASN, is with the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.

Search for other papers by Tod Ibrahim in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Anupam Agarwal Crystal A. Gadegbeku, MD, FAHA, FACP, FASN, is with the Section of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA. Tod Ibrahim, MLA, is Executive Vice President, American Society of Nephrology, Washington, DC. Anupam Agarwal, MD, FASN, is with the Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL. Susan E. Quaggin, MD, FASN, is with the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.

Search for other papers by Anupam Agarwal in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
, and
Susan E. Quaggin Crystal A. Gadegbeku, MD, FAHA, FACP, FASN, is with the Section of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA. Tod Ibrahim, MLA, is Executive Vice President, American Society of Nephrology, Washington, DC. Anupam Agarwal, MD, FASN, is with the Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL. Susan E. Quaggin, MD, FASN, is with the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.

Search for other papers by Susan E. Quaggin in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
Restricted access
Save