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Autologous arteriovenous fistulae (AVF), compared with prosthetic arteriovenous grafts and central vein catheters, are the most effective hemodialysis vascular access option for patients who require renal replacement therapy because of ESKD (
However, there are many challenges to the successful use of an autologous AVF. One hindrance is the relatively high early thrombosis and failure to mature rate. Surgically created AVF failure rates are